In a Thursday filing on behalf of the general counsel of the National Labor Relations Board, a regional director of the agency wrote that USC’s football and basketball players are in fact workers covered by labor law, and that the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the Pac-12 Conference, and USC are each legally employers of those athletes, despite the organizations’ insistence otherwise. 

The complaint accuses the NCAA, Pac-12, and USC of misclassifying the players as non-employees “to intentionally deprive the players of their rights” under federal law.

The complaint also alleges that USC violated student athletes’ rights by maintaining rules in its handbook instructing them to “be positive” and “smile” when being interviewed by the media, and rules regarding what they post on social media. 

USC tells players not to “post anything that would embarrass USC, your team or your family,” according to the complaint, which was obtained via the Freedom of Information Act. Its social media guidelines also say that “inappropriate and offensive” behavior online could include sharing information regarding “student-athlete injuries and eligibility status,” the complaint says.

NCAA, USC, and Pac-12 spokespeople did not immediately comment in response to inquiries. In December, when the NLRB general counsel’s office said it was preparing to issue a complaint saying USC athletes’ rights were violated, USC said that its position was backed by “75 years of favorable legal precedent.” 

The NCAA reiterated its stance at the time that “college athletes are not employees of the NCAA, regardless of sport or division,” and said that it would “continue to vigorously defend any attempts to divide them based on arbitrary standards, as it demeans the hard work and sacrifice of all who participate in college sports.”

Complaints issued by NLRB prosecutors are heard by agency judges, whose rulings can be appealed to the NLRB members in Washington, and then to federal court. The agency has the authority to order employers to change illegal policies, though not to fine them punitive damages.

Federal labor law protects the right of employees to communicate about their working conditions, as well as to unionize. So the USC case could ultimately lead to a watershed ruling by NLRB members in Washington, where Democrats with pro-labor backgrounds now hold a majority, ordering the college organizations to stop deeming their players mere “student-athletes,” and opening the door for some to petition to unionize and collectively bargain.

The NLRB’s general counsel, Joe Biden appointee Jennifer Abruzzo, said in a January interview that the NCAA, Pac-12, and USC together “control a significant number of hours of the day, where the players are required to do any number of things outside of any academic involvement. There’s an extreme amount of control over the number of practices, their schedules, where they live, and what they can do.”