Among the key management skills he learned from Jobs was the importance of not being married to past beliefs, a competency that Cook says few leaders possess. Jobs welcomed debates, relished being challenged, and valued those who were willing to admit they were wrong when new evidence emerged.

“You could always change [Jobs’] mind if you had the best idea,” Cook said. “We changed each other’s minds. That’s the reason it worked so well.” Often, Jobs played devil’s advocate and took a stance he didn’t believe in in order to spark a spirited discussion. He felt this was the best way to learn, Cook said at a Recode conference in 2022. 

One of the most extensive and long-lasting debates between Jobs and Cook was over how the first iPhone should be sold in the early 2000s. Jobs wanted a revenue share model, in which Apple would have received part of the monthly revenue of a phone carrier, while Cook preferred a subsidy model where carriers paid a portion of the iPhone cost up front, which the carrier would make back through subscription sales Business Insider reports. The company started with Jobs’ model but inevitably switched to Cook’s once he became CEO in 2011, after which iPhone sales skyrocketed. Apple now sells seven iPhones per second, according to the Journal. 

Jobs was a mentor to Cook, and although mainly behind the scenes earlier in his Apple career, Cook played a critical role in turning the tech giant around thanks to his logistics, supply chain, and operations prowess. When Jobs briefly stepped away from the CEO role in 2004 due to health issues, Cook stepped in as interim CEO. When Jobs returned in 2005, Cook was promoted to chief operating officer. He was named interim CEO again in 2009 and permanent CEO in 2011 when Jobs officially stepped down from the corner office some weeks before he died from pancreatic cancer. 

Cook said in a 2019 Stanford University commencement speech that he felt ill-prepared to lead the company after Jobs’ death. “I learned the real visceral difference between preparation and readiness. It was the loneliest I ever felt in my life by an order of magnitude,” he admitted. Though he hadn’t yet come to terms with the fact that Jobs would no longer be an available sounding board, Cook said he had to perform at his peak for the sake of the company’s longevity. 

Since becoming CEO, Apple’s market cap has ballooned from $364.4 billion in 2011 to $3.55 trillion in October 2024. Cook partly credits the company’s growth to hiring people who are willing to push back and who offer skill sets that he may not possess. He points to the launch of the original iPhone and iPod, which he says were initially created by tiny teams but have made the company wildly successful.

However, 2024 has posed challenges for the CEO of Apple. The company announced layoffs in April and August, canceled its electric car that’d been in the works since 2014, and has seen declining iPhone 15 sales. 

Still, reflecting on his journey to the corner office, Cook said he remains in disbelief. He came from humble beginnings and was the first in his family to go to college. Growing up, it was expected that everyone in the family worked, so he started a paper route at 12 years old, waking up daily at 3 a.m. to make his deliveries. 
Cook says that his younger self could never have guessed he’d one day lead a company like Apple. “I did a 25-year plan when I was in graduate school at Duke, and the first year or two was reasonably accurate. But after that, it wasn’t worth the paper it was written on,” he told the Wall Street Journal.