When two Finnair planes flying into Estonia recently had to divert in quick succession and return to Helsinki, the cause wasn’t a mechanical failure or inclement weather—it was GPS denial.
GPS denial is the deliberate interference of the navigation signals used and relied on by commercial aircraft. It’s not a new phenomenon: The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has long provided maps of regions where GPS was routinely unavailable or untrusted. However, concern is growing rapidly as conflict spreads across Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and GPS jamming and spoofing become weapons of economic and strategic influence.
Several adversarial nations have been known to use false (spoofed) GPS signals to interfere with air transit, shipping, and trade, or to disrupt military logistics in conflict zones. And recent discussions of anti-satellite weapons renewed fears of deliberate actions designed to wreak economic havoc by knocking out GPS.
GPS has become so ubiquitous in our daily lives that we hardly think about what happens when it’s not available
A GPS outage would result in many online services becoming unavailable (these rely on GPS-based network synchronization), failure of in-vehicle Satnav, and no location-based services on your mobile phone.
Analyses in the U.S. and U.K. have both identified the temporary economic cost of an outage at approximately $1 billion per day—but the strategic impacts can be even more significant, especially in a conflict.
The saying is that infantry wins battles, but logistics wins wars. It’s almost unimaginable to operate military logistics supply chains without GPS given the heavy reliance on synchronized communications networks, general command and control, and vehicle and materiel positioning and tracking. All of these centrally rely on GPS and all are vulnerable to disruption.
Most large military and commercial ships and aircraft carry special GPS backups for navigation because there was, in fact, a time before GPS
GPS is not available in all settings—underground, underwater, or at high latitudes. The GPS alternatives rely on signals that can be measured locally (for instance, motion or magnetic fields as used in a compass), so a vessel can navigate even when GPS is unavailable or untrusted.
For example, inertial navigation uses special accelerometers that measure vehicle motion, much like the ones that help your mobile phone reorient when you rotate it. Measuring how the vehicle is moving and using Newton’s laws allows you to calculate your likely position after some time. Other “alt-PNT” approaches leverage measurements of magnetic and gravitational fields to help navigate against a known map of these variations near the Earth’s surface. Plus, ultrastable locally deployed clocks can ensure communications networks remain synchronized during GPS outages (comms networks typically rely on GPS timing signals to remain synchronized).
Nonetheless, we rely on GPS because it’s simply much better than the backups. Focusing specifically on positioning and navigation, achieving good performance with conventional alternatives typically requires you to significantly increase system complexity, size, and cost, limiting deployment options on smaller vehicles. Those alternative approaches to navigation are also unfortunately prone to errors due to the instability of the measurement equipment in use—signals just gradually change over time, with varying environmental conditions, or with system age.
We keep today’s alternatives in use to provide a backstop for critical military and commercial applications, but the search is on for something significantly better than what’s currently available. That something looks to be quantum-assured navigation, powered by quantum sensors.
Quantum sensors rely on the laws of nature to access signatures that were previously out of reach, delivering both extreme sensitivity and stability
As a result, quantum-assured navigation can deliver defense against GPS outages and enable transformational new missions.
The most advanced quantum-assured navigation systems combine multiple sensors, each picking up unique environmental signals relevant to navigation, much the way autonomous vehicles combine lidar, cameras, ultrasonic detectors, and more to deliver the best performance.
This starts with a new generation of improved quantum inertial navigation, but quantum sensing allows us to go further by accessing new signals that were previously largely inaccessible in real-world settings.
While it may be surprising, Earth’s gravity and magnetic fields are not constant everywhere on the planet’s surface. We have maps of tiny variations in these quantities that have long been used for minerals prospecting and even underground water monitoring. We can now repurpose these maps for navigation.
We’re building a new generation of quantum gravimeters, magnetometers, and accelerometers—powered by the quantum properties of atoms to be sensitive and compact enough to measure these signals on real vehicles.
The biggest improvements come from enhanced stability. Atoms and subatomic particles don’t change, age, or degrade—their behavior is always the same. That’s something we are now primed to exploit.
Using a quantum-assured navigation system, a vehicle may be able to position itself precisely even when GPS is not available for very long periods. Not simply hours or days as is achievable with the best military systems today, but weeks or months.
In quantum sensing, we have already achieved quantum advantage—when a quantum solution decidedly beats its conventional counterparts. The task at hand is now to take these systems out of the lab and into the field in order to deliver true strategic advantage.
That’s no mean feat. Real platforms are subject to interference, harsh conditions, and vibrations that conspire to erase the benefits we know quantum sensors can provide.
In recent cutting-edge research, new AI-powered software can be used to deliver the robustness needed to put quantum sensors onto real moving platforms. The right software can keep the systems functional even when they’re being shaken and subjected to interference on ships and aircraft.
To prevent a repeat of the Finnair event, real quantum navigation systems are now starting to undergo field testing. Our peers at Vector Atomic recently ran maritime trials of a new quantum optical clock. The University of Birmingham published measurements with a portable gravity gradiometer in the field.
At Q-CTRL, we recently announced the world’s first maritime trial of a mobile quantum dual gravimeter for gravity map matching at a conference in London. My team is excited to now work with Airbus, which is investigating software-ruggedized quantum sensors to provide the next generation of GPS backup on commercial aircraft. Our full quantum navigation solutions are about to commence flight safety testing with the first flights later in the year, following multiple maritime and terrestrial trials.
With a new generation of quantum sensors in the field, we’ll be able to ensure the economy keeps functioning even in the event of a GPS outage. From autonomous vehicles to major shipping companies and commercial aviation, quantum-assured navigation is the essential ingredient in providing resilience for our entire technology-driven economy.
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