Fortune Staff

The Fortune 500, in its 69th year in 2023, ranks the biggest U.S. companies by revenue.

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The Tulsa-based energy company focuses on natural gas and petroleum exploration and production, with assets concentrated along the Gulf of Mexico and the Eastern Seaboard.

The Williams Companies, Inc. (WMB) Company Profile, News, Rankings | Fortune

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Williams

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Reuters

Groupon’s Shares Soar 17% on Strong Sales

/2016/02/11/groupons-shares-soar-17-on-strong-sales/

Hilary Brueck

Here’s Why Formula One Engineering Is Invading Supermarket Aisles

/2016/01/06/formula-one-supermarket-energy-save/

Our first Global Forum Outlook dinner of the year will bring together top CEOs from the Bay Area and beyond on May 2 at Mourad to discuss the role that transformative technologies are playing in addressing key challenges for business, from supply chain disruptions and global trade flows to talent retention and workplace collaboration. We’ll ask attending CEOs how they are turning unprecedented risk into unprecedented opportunity in this new era for business. These conversations will help inform the broader discussions that will take place at our Fortune Global Forum gathering in Abu Dhabi in November.  

Laura Alber
President, CEO, and Director, Williams-Sonoma
Carl Eschenbach
Co-CEO, Workday
Tom Siebel, 
Chairman and CEO, C3.ai

Global Forum Dinner 2023 | San Francisco

Conferences

Laura Alber
President, CEO, and Director, Williams-Sonoma
Carl Eschenbach
Co-CEO, Workday
Tom Siebel, 
Chairman and CEO, C3.ai

I said earlier, we're going to focus on the opportunities and challenges of the year ahead. I've been doing this for 40 years. I can't think of a year when that list of opportunities and challenges when both lists were as long.

Zak Williams, Co-founder and CEO, PYM 
Moderator: Chrissy Farr, OMERS Ventures

Brainstorm Health 2023 - Prepare Your Mind: The Journey To Launch A Mental Health Startup 

The Journey To Launch A Mental Health Startup 

So next up, we're going to be talking about mental health. Um May 1st coming up is the start of Mental Health Awareness Month, which is so important because according to the National Institute of Mental Health, nearly one in five adults lives with a mental illness. Our next guest has experienced first hand the difficulties, the strains and heartbreak that mental health issues can bring. He's a friend of mine. Um His wife is a very old friend of mine as well. Um Zach Williams is the son of the late great actor and comedian Robin Williams. As you probably remember, Robin Williams died by suicide in 2014. He suffered from undiagnosed Louie body dementia, a brain disease that causes a decline in mental abilities and mobility. It's the second most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer's disease, Zach said his own mental health went into overdrive after his dad's death. But his personal winding journey as he's called, it led him to where he is today. Zach is a vocal mental health advocate and the co-founder and CEO of Prepare your Mind, also known as P MA company designed to help others achieve mental wellness. Let's hear more about his personal and professional journey right now, please welcome Zack. Yeah. Um So let's just start out by kind of grounding us in where we're at now. Um You've been in mental health a long time, but the past say decade, it's been your life mission and, and a lot of where you spend your, your time. So why mental health of, of all the things that you could have done and, and focused on? Sure, great question. You know, I, I didn't set out to be a mental health advocate. At the beginning of my career, I have a background in consumer technology, entertainment, and media. And after my dad died by suicide, I was diagnosed with complex PTSD generalized anxiety disorder and depression and was doing super unhealthy things like self medicating using alcohol. And uh I realized something had to change. Ultimately, that path to change started in the prison system at San Quentin Prison where I started teaching a financial literacy class. Ultimately, I segued into mental health advocacy because it gave me more of an opportunity to share my journey, be vulnerable and also learn from others around what they're doing to manage their mental health while I could support organizations around strategic support, organizational development, fundraising and so forth. And so through that journey, I realized I could actually start healing my trauma through service. And I discovered that service is my path to happiness. And so for me, it's an ongoing journey to learn more about myself and find meaning and joy through service. So, one of the things we, we've been talking about the past few days is the pandemic. And um I think, you know, for a lot of us, we're still living the after effects of it and, and arguably still in the midst of it. I mean, Dr Walker was here yesterday. Um speaking about how many cases that that still continue to be, but we've been left with this with this sense of shared trauma and most of us probably haven't dealt with it. Um So what do you think we need to do to heal from this experience? And, and by the way, it's not even just the, the pandemic, it's, you know, everything going on with the markets right now and, and recession, people losing their jobs. Um Yeah. Well, I mean, there's a confluence of things that are going on in the world related both to the pandemic, but also our media environment, our political environment. Now, the emerging economic environment with market correction and so forth, that's creating uh an overload for people. There's a physiological component to that. We all have a static systems and when the aesthetic system is overloaded, we feel overwhelmed. We have chronic stress issues, it leads to all sorts of medical and health conditions. Um And so, you know, from our end, we started a company, my wife Olivia June, who's in the audience today um turned me on to nutritional solutions. Uh when I was having a really tough time and decided to not use um specific things like pharmaceuticals because they made me feel numb and so forth. So, you know, in seeking support and help, I discovered amino acid formulations to help me specifically. And that, that combined with some behavioral lifestyle considerations like meditation, mindfulness, community support for me specifically, but also, you know, for other people, therapy is very helpful, other things like breath work can be very helpful. And, and you know, through my personal journey, I realized that there were populations all throughout the US and the world that were experiencing extreme amounts to overwhelm our medical system, specifically our mental health care system in the US. But also abroad was not equipped to manage crisis care at scale that this sense of overwhelm this collective trauma was activating in people and one in one in five now experiencing mental illness, we just, I mean, I can't imagine that we could ever produce enough enough therapists to keep up with it. It's, it's an ongoing question in consideration is can we train enough people? And, and you know, there were triage solutions like enabling nurse practitioners during the pandemic to provide uh prescriptions for uh you know, mood stabilizers, mental health meds and so forth and you know, that's, that is a triage solution, right? And, and you know, there likely aren't enough nurse practitioners who can be trained in a specific way to manage the population at scale and their mental health needs. So, you know, I think we need to actually start orienting towards looking at preventative solutions and lifestyle interventions as a means of providing support for people. Because there's just not enough people, there's, you know, in, in, in counties in the US, there's one psychiatrist for 5000 people and uh it just blows your mind. Yeah. And so, you know, there are institutions that are, that are doing incredible work, whether it's Stanford Medical School, um what's going on at the Meta Psychiatry Center? There is fascinating in terms of how lifestyle interventions can help retrain people's metabolism and so forth towards managing their mental health conditions. But uh you know, also practically, I mean, there's a lot going on and it's, it's almost too much to cover uh over the course of an entire day. So, you know, um hard to do it in 15 minutes. Exactly. Right. Um If anybody has questions in the audience, feel free to chime in otherwise I have so much more to ask you. Um So the role of celebrity in, in this discussion, you've, you've obviously grown up with kind of one ft in the entertainment world. Do you think that Hollywood L A has a big role to play in just kind of reeducating, raising awareness around mental health? And has Hollywood done a good job overall with that? Um As you kind of survey, what's out there? Yeah. Well, I'd say, you know, it, it's a complex consideration. You know, first we need to actually look at the definition of stigma and how stigma manifests in people. Stigma in many ways is a protection mechanism for people. It's helped, it's helped them get through potential periods of their life. It helps them feel safe or isolate for situations that make them feel uncomfortable. But if you actually break apart what Sigma is, it's a collection of biases. And we actually need to look at the underlying biases that occur in things like media and so forth. And the first thing we need to do is acknowledge them. That's the first step. There are biases that could be perceived as positive that help us better connect with people and so forth. But, you know, in the case of stigma, it's generally negative biases that isolate us from people that generally lead to negative interactions and so forth. But um in the case of Hollywood and so forth, we don't flag and identify those biases in their individual. Um you know, in their individual, right? Versus just saying, hey, we need to break down stigma. It's OK. Not to be OK. We actually, I think need to take a deeper dive and start establishing more research around how we can better frame conversation and language around that collection of biases that generally can have negative effects upon people and populations. So it sounds like we're at kind of step one of a very long journey that, that we should be, you know, going much deeper on. And I agree with you. That's not enough to say something like it's ok to not be ok. Like we can do, we can do better than that. Um Talk me through your suicide hotline. You have a, that was something that you, you spoke about recently and I just listened to a podcast you did on it. Um Well, to know more about, yeah. No, I I'd love to speak more about it. Um First off, you know, just wanna frame it's OK to say it's OK not to be OK. The, the main consideration is I think people who are in, whether they're influencers or celebrities need to be uh need to have access to information and evidence back solutions that better help them share scientific medical information and make it accessible relative to the uh the podcast series we did around 988. It was called Call For Help. And we worked with Lemonade Media, which is a wonderful organization focused on mission oriented content. And what we did is we broke down how the sausage is made around developing and deploying a government backed program around mental health crisis. And so we talked to everyone from Tom Insel, uh who, who ran, who ran N I mh, we talked to um several congressmen, uh congress people. We, we spoke with mental health advocates we spoke with researchers, we spoke with clinicians and really started understanding how challenging it is to establish um evidence backed navigation solutions that could evolve a narrative around what it means to get help. Um Because often the case is when you're in mental health crisis and you dial 911 you're going to elicit a law enforcement response when 95 times out of 100 you don't need one. And so, you know, it's about establishing more focused precision oriented navigation solutions and, and it was, it was fascinating to learn how everything was done and it's challenging. It's still in the works. It launched in July of last year and it, it's had incredible adoption and using things like text and so forth. It, it, it's enabled, uh it's enabled the, the, the access and accessibility of, of the service to expand greatly. And so it was fascinating. Congratulations. That's incredible work. Um Any questions from the, from the audience? Alright. Oh, here we go. Hi Emily. She with a worldwide. Um, hi. So my, my husband is actually, he's been an, er, nurse for 20 years and he's going back to school right now to become a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner and will be able to prescribe medication. Um uh but I've been kind of talking to him about, you know, don't be one of those just throw pills at people. There's so many other, you know, solutions and, and so my question to you is are you doing anything? I know you're direct to consumer right now. But are you doing, doing anything with, you know, provider education or any other distribution channels? Because I think, oh my God, I'm so happy you asked me that question. So, so yes, we, we started with direct to consumer and expanded into retail. We're expanding quite rapidly into retail. So we need to focus specifically in retail scaling right now. We're doing two randomized controlled trials which are multi leg studies this year starting with uh our mood shoes, which is for which will be, you know, the disease claim that we're seeking to establish is for anxiety relief. And then for an upcoming attention to that, we seek to provide a disease claim around ADHD support for, we can't yet do that and we need to establish trials for that. Ultimately, we'd love to see our products qualified as medical foods so that they can be distributed through the doctor recommended channels. The key thing for us and really what it's about is accessibility and expanding people's awareness around things like natural solutions that are just an expansion of the tool kit. You know, it's not about replacing pharmaceuticals, it's about, you know, giving people an option and an opportunity to discover natural solutions involving things like distilled nutrition for mental well being because our collective neurotransmitter health um in many cases in the US, specifically with the western diet leads to deficiencies. I'll give you an example for things like Gaba, which we need to manage our Gaba system that's present in, in high concentrations and things like fermented foods, which we don't get a ton of in the western diet. And then things like supporting uh psycho biotics that help develop and evolve the serotonin synthesis environment with the microbiota. We're not getting a lot of things to help support that environment in terms of the Western diet. I'm, I'm speaking in aggregate. So there's a, there's a, there's a, there's some nuances to it. Um expanding beyond that. Um The thing is uh consumer preference, Americans preference is changing 66% of, of Americans who are open to taking mental health products prefer taking natural products. So the environment is changing. That wasn't the case four or five years ago, you know, four years ago, pre pandemic, it was 50% before that. It was much less. And so, so we just want to find uh opportunities to, to establish, you know, clinically backed solutions to support people around their mental health and mental well-being journeys. Well, if there's one takeaway, it's that there is no one size fits all. Um So thank you so much for being here with us and think, you know, enjoy the rest of your evening. It's just been a wonderful conference so far. Thanks everybody. So with that, we are wrapping up brainstorm health 2023. Um on behalf of the brainstorm health coach, chairs and Fortune. I want to express my thanks to all of our discussion, leaders and speakers. Um I also want to extend our tremendous gratitude to our event partners, Bristol Myers Squibb, City of Hope CV S Health, the health care, Sage Therapeutics and our academic partner, Stanford Medicine. Thank you so much for your partnership and we are thrilled to announce Fortune Brainstorm Health 2024 is going to return to Southern California again next spring. It's going to be held May 20th and 21st. So please mark your calendars in Dana Point. By the way, don't come here, it won't be here. Um, and uh please join us at the reception in just a few minutes on the ballroom terrace that starts at five o'clock. Thank you so much to all of you for being here for participating um, in all of the conversations and enjoy the reception, safe travels.

For years, celebrities have held director seats and provided expertise within boardrooms.

Are celebrities valuable to boardrooms?

Leadership

there are some growing trends in terms of celebrities that come into the boardroom, I'm here sitting on this board because I love the brand, I love the story, I love the people, I love the lives that you guys change. We see so many examples these days, you know, I always need to be a kodiak fan, I know how valuable it is to maintain a ritual focused on staying well. They want to have celebrities that their directors or even investors or even angels to their, it has been shown that it can generate some positive responses from external stakeholders, such as investors, given that they decided upon this particular celebrity and they decided to appoint them to the board. How does the stock market react when they publicly announced? I'm really excited, join Passmark because it really speaks to my core values and we basically find a positive reaction to that. It's even more favorable when the individual has what we call related business experience, it's not like just a flash in the pan where bang, we announced the appointment of celebrity to the board. The market likes that there's an uptick in stock price, we find that there's some sustained growth and sustained returns provided to the firms. In these modern corporations, boards are like the centerpiece of corporate governance mechanism, you know, these directors are appointed to act on behalf of shareholders and they served several roles right, monitoring the executives, they have to provide advice or resources through their networks um or expertise to the management and they are involving in important strategic decisions. So some of those celebrities can be, you know, business people um like Margaret Whitman formal ceo at HP who was serving as a director at Ebay. We know that Oprah Winfrey is also a director at weight watchers. Maybe you have a celebrity director that helps increase awareness of the company, You have a good finance person, you have a good accounting person, you have a good HR person, you have some with industry skills, that's a portfolio of skills, I suppose everyone having the same skills in papa, john's O'neill is appointed as director which had a significant impact and really, you know, when these celebrities are appointed um they can be a better ambassador almost um because um communicating strategic decisions, it's not always easy consumers or investors, they want to hear those strategic decisions, but you know, it would be better communicated through celebrities rather than through say, annual reports. You are able to do investor attention, invest their interest to the company, you're able to increase its visibility. That is an important contribution to the firm, but also at the same time, you know, appointing these celebrities is a little tricky in terms of effectiveness. The celebrity factor on the board may create a culture within the board that becomes ultimately dysfunctional. Start factor has a certain aura that may Intimidate other directors from really the full discharge of their fiduciary responsibilities. There is that attendance issue for example, J. M. Smucker noted that their celebrity director Nancy Lopez is a professional culture is the only director to attend less than 75% of the all board meetings in 2018 and similarly should kill O'Neill also attended less than 75% of board meetings at Papa John's in the year after joining the company. And so there are definitely more room for these celebrities to be part of corporate America. You're putting context without the other business people, other leaders that may open up opportunities in directions that you don't normally have or would be engaged with. And by bringing in those celebrity individuals as directors, it can signal that, you know, these firms are capable of bringing in those individuals and also there could be some positive spillover effect or halo effect coming from that.

Sumbul Desai, Vice President, Health, Apple 
Michelle Williams, Dean of the Faculty, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (joining remotely) 
Moderator: Michal Lev-Ram, FORTUNE 

Most Powerful Women 2022 - A New Era For Women’s Health

Sumbul Desai, Vice President, Health, Apple 
Michelle Williams, Dean of the Faculty, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

Now half of the global population is women. So why aren't women better represented and cared for in health and medicine? Perhaps because women's health has long been considered a niche market? Well, the good news is that seems to be changing and there's recognition that women's health is intrinsically different than men. And with this recognition comes opportunity. According to recent stats, us digital health startups, serving women raised nearly $1.5 billion in 37 deals in 2021, nearly doubling 2020 funding. So let's get more perspective from two women who are experts in this space. Some is Vice president of health at Apple and Michelle Williams is dean of faculty at Harvard's T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Dean Williams is joining us remotely today. Please welcome them for a conversation with my hologram. They're very dramatic entrance. Hi symbol. Hi, Michelle, thank you so much for joining us. Um Hi, hi, great to see you. Um I want to start with the good stuff. Okay, so I want to hear from both of you. What are the developments in the field of women's health that you are excited about today. And Michelle, Let's let's start with you. Sure. Let me also say hello to everyone in the audience and to symbols thank you. Um let me let's start with the good stuff. The good stuff is, you know someone who's been in women's health, reproductive health research in the academia space for close to 40 years. one The things that I point to is over the years since 19 the mid 1990s to the mid-2015 we have seen maternal mortality declined by about 44%. And that's really an important single indicator of the advances we've made. I'd also like to say though, that I look at that goodness with a little bit of concern that there are disparities by race and ethnicity. Let me stay with the good stuff. One of the things that I think about is we're having this conversation around women's health at a convention and a meeting like this that brings together leaders from all sectors, academic, public private sectors to talk about women's health. That for me is the change since the 1980s when win Health was in a shadow. The other thing I want to say is I am deeply, deeply excited to be on this stage with dr symbols aside because together we've been able to form a public private academic partnership called the Apple Women's Health Study which brings the best of technology, the best of advanced analytics and the voices of hundreds of thousands of women into the space of becoming their own a citizen scientists in understanding their own health through research and collaboration. Right, thank you. And we will definitely dive into the partnership a bit more but but symbol over over to you. What are you most excited about what's positive? Well, first of all, thanks for having me. Um just by virtue of you working on this amazing topic and empowering women's conversations. I I think that is also part of the good stuff. So thank you for that. And it's always an honor to work with Dean Williams. Um you know, Dean Williams touched on it. The fact that we're having this conversation around women's health is really, really important. Women's health isn't just about cycles. Those cycles are a critical part of it, It's your health, it's cardiovascular health, it's preventative health. It's all of the aspects that make health. And when we think about health, in terms of how we look at it, we want to empower all individuals and in this case women or those who menstruate to really be empowered with actual insights driven by science. And so the fact that we can partner with such an esteemed partner like Dean Williams and the Harvard T. H chan school of Public Health to be able to work on this important topic is really important. You know, the one thing that I just want to call out is um when you think about health as a physician, we think about our vital signs. We all know our vital signs are blood pressure. But women have this additional superpower which actually is our cycles and those who menstruate, have this additional piece of information that really provides insight into your overall health. And if you all recall whenever you go to the doctor, they will ask you when is the last time you menstruating and the reason that's really important is this additional signal can give you a sense of things are going well or if there's things that need to be potentially looked at. And so the idea to be able to take this area that's largely understudied and under invested in and focus on it um, and drive, you know, features hopefully that will help empower more women to understand this. More importantly, is something that we're really proud of. The last, I'll just say in terms of the good stuff is when you have a company like ours that's willing to actually, within the first few minutes of our keynote talk about cycles and menstruation and actually have features like this driven by women at Apple who actually, you know, advocated to drive this feature work forward is something that makes me really proud and love to see that on our teams. And the fact that we drove it together with um with the Apple women's health study team who is made up of a number of women who are very passionate about this space is something that we're incredibly proud of, so take a step back and explain to us how this partnership came to be and what it is exactly, symbol. Yes. So when we um we, you know, we had a set of women who are really excited about digging into this space and making an impact and the way we approach our work is really focused on starting with the science first and when we started digging in, what we learned is most of the science around understanding our cycles was done many years ago. So we reached out to a number of experts and obviously Dean Williams and her team are preeminent experts in this space where they really have spent time over the years looking into this space. And we started having a number of conversations and got really excited together about the idea of refreshing the science in the space, but actually bringing together biometric signals that are so kind of like your lifestyle. So how much you're moving what your heart heart health is really looking at this space holistically as opposed to just focusing on cycles. And um we started talking and realized that there was a real unique opportunity to study this. So we introduced the Apple women's health study along with the apple heart and move study and the apple hearing study as part of our research app where participants say Apple one more time, One more time. Um, Apple um and uh you're not gonna get me to stop saying that, but but over 420,000 participants actually are part of the study. And uh what you can do is basically, you know, Michelle said at night, we allow people to be citizen scientists and we think that's really important, especially after we've lived through the past few years where we've all been part of a large science study together. Um the ability to actually dig in and understand what those metrics mean. So just some quick highlights from it. one. we've we've learned that when you have symptoms around your cycles are not just the traditional things that we think about what your G. I. symptoms and cramps, things like chills before your cycles are very common. And the reason that's important is a lot of time those things get dismissed by doctors. So the idea to actually have some science to show that hey, these symptoms are common, really allow for individuals to come in and be empowered in their conversations with their physicians. So we think that's really important. And the second is um in this vein of bringing together different aspects of your health, like your heart health and your gynecological health pcos. Um in our study, 12% of our participants who had pcos had 1.5 times higher likelihood of having arrhythmia. Not something that we would normally see, but because we had this data coming in from multidisciplinary areas, we were able to kind of study that. So, just some examples. Great, Thank you, Michelle, I want to ask you, my daughters are in sex Ed. They've both gone through all the regular classes and like they're still, you know, I take a look at what they're doing and it's like all the words that we used to call a period and flow and like, all right. And I know you've done a lot of work on de stigmatizing menstrual cycles. Like why are we even still de stigmatizing it And and and tell us about your work. Yeah. You know, thank you. You know, I want to underscore something that doctors decide brought forward and that women's health is so much more than just reproductive health. And you know, one of the reasons um menstrual cycle was stigmatized, but there's just so much um taboo and stigma brought forward because of lack of knowledge, lack of capacity to talk about women's biology and a lot of that lead to gaps, gaps and knowledge gaps in understanding and gaps in our curriculum. Let me just ground this using some real historical timelines. It wasn't until 1994 I was a graduate student that the NIH in its revitalization act of NIH presented guidelines requiring the inclusion of women and minorities in federally funded studies. And it wasn't until 2014 that there were requirements for the inclusion of female animals and tissue for self culture studies to include women. So there's been a knowledge gap and that gap was filled with misinformation, disinformation and worse, just a complete silence and lack of understanding of women's biology and that can contribute to the stigma that we experience. But things are different today and things are different today because women lead scientific teams are filling in those gaps and young people coming to the field of public health and medicine are also including powerful tool technology to do the study that we're doing together with Apple but also to tell stories at very young ages. I have one of our principal scientists on the Apple Women's health study just collaborated with boston science Museum to create a video film for young girls to understand what menstruation menstrual cycle means. And if we can start early and be very holistic in explaining what women's health is and look at menstruation as a vital sign which it really is 1/5 vital sign. It can help people to see menstruation as a superpower. It is a signal of our capacity to reproduce. Um It is a signal of our health and wellness across the life course then we will move menstruation out of the shadows and in a place where it belongs which is a very important biological representation of women's physiology and function across the life cycle. Thank you. I love that menstruation is a superpower. Um I want to switch gears a little bit. Um You know you you mentioned some of the very late but the advances and guidelines for um for for making research for making studies um more inclusive but we also seem to be really good at taking steps back and we recently took quite a big one. Um You said Michelle just recently that in just seven days last june the U. S. Supreme Court setback public health by 50 years. Can you explain that to us and how and why we can look at this from a public health perspective. Sure. Sure. Thank you for that. I really mean that we have lost um we have lost a very important component in the in the in the in the healthcare toolkit for women and girls in this country. And when I say we've come gone back 50 years, there are, there's evidence that we are going to see upwards of 22% increase in maternal mortality because of lack of access or delayed utilization of reproductive health care. And that 22% is even is for the population as a whole. But For vulnerable populations, particularly African American women where they're already two fold increased risk of maternal mortality. We're going to see increases in mortality that will be reminiscent of where we were 50 years ago. But even worse than that. What this does is again puts women and girls in a very vulnerable situation where the loss of bodily autonomy will impact the course of their life, both biologically socially professionally. And so I think that we have to as a nation really reflect on what the doD act represents. And it does represent a loss of agency and a loss of opportunity to um provide a full available toolkit for women, reproductive health and health and wellness across the life course. So we we we have struggles ahead of us. We've made progress and this God act is threatening the progress that we've made, especially in women's health, it's not just about women's health either. Um Child and family health and wellness, economic resilience of families that are not ready for child rearing are also going to be put at risk and this will expand outward to communities. Thank you um symbol for for you for your work. Does this recent shift um represent any any challenges, any new opportunities, Does it change the way that you pursue what you're doing at Apple? You know when we think about one of the things that comes to light and it is with all of this is the importance of privacy and privacy is an area that we have always spent a lot of time focused on um and even more so in health we've always felt like your health information should be as protected for example as your financial information and it should have that level of protection. So in one sense, I think what it does is reinforce, it's an opportunity to reinforce our approach. Um you know, we often um get asked well why didn't you come out with certain features sooner? And the reality is a lot of times it's because of our attention to privacy that we think that doing and obtaining data the right way is more important than necessarily being first. It's really important to focus on privacy and when we think about privacy especially when it comes to health, we think about it as um the same privacy that you expect from your physician you should expect from your technology and our approach has been if for example for your health data and how we go about this is that if your health data is on your phone, which your health data is on your phone, if you use touch I. D. Pass code or face I. D. That data is encrypted on device locally and if you choose to sync with iCloud then with end to end transcription with a passcode, that data is encrypted. End to end an Apple does not have access to that data. And we also have gone to great lengths to really allow for the user to feel in control of their data. So we meticulously have created granular privacy controls by data elements. So you can choose if you want to share your data with someone, you can choose which elements you want to share and you can turn it on or turn it off it's completely in the user's control. But the net is we've worked really hard with all of this um with this approach and our approach to privacy with health data that Apple cannot have access to the data and that's something that we really hold true and something we've focused on a lot with with even Dean Williams and how we think about our broader work. So I know Apple has end to end encryption across the board including for for health data. Not all apps do. I'm sure you've both been asked this um in recent months, you know, I've definitely heard a lot of conversations and read a lot of articles. Should we delete are period tracking apps? What do you say to women who ask that today? I remind people of the the data security steps that we have put in place specifically for the study and specifically the steps that Apple has taken to really allow the optionality for encrypting that information so that it is really only accessible by the user and her delegates as she chooses. So I I we have been very mindful and thoughtful um and open to answering the questions by describing the ways to reduce the harm of mis use and disuse of the data and we've taken every step possible both in the research space, but also in the context of um users of the device is um to empower them and enable them to protect their data and to not destroy the capacity to have access to information that they are just beginning to be familiar with and are using to understand how to optimize their own personal performance and to understand their own biology. Okay, either or choice. Yeah. Yes, ideally for sure. Um symbol, just just real quick give us a little bit of of a preview of what's ahead for the partnership. What else do you want to, what other areas do you want to go into? Well through the study, we're really excited and digging into areas and and again this ties to our philosophy of grounding in the science. So we're hoping that science will take us in the direction of seeing more connections between other aspects of your health and your cycles. Um We also are very excited about digging in more in the science around Pcos that we've seen some early signals in the study from and um continue to look at all of the elements. I mean one of the biggest requests we get from users is menopause and you know, what can we learn there? Um because as women, I do think cycles are super power, but I also think that we take on additional um healthy variances and superpowers as we as we progress in life. And I think really just understanding that more, I mean I think our goal really is how do we empower people to have more information about their health? So they're they're in the driver's seat of their health and how do we help you do that with a scientifically validated way? I think that's so critical and something that we really are laser focused. Alright, well hopefully next year we will have you both back here and we'll talk about menopause next time. Talk about stigmatization that's definitely needed as well. Um Michelle, thank you so much for joining us. Thank you for your very, very uh you know, uh what's the right word, like your your broadband is fantastic. So we appreciate it. You're fast speed broadband. It has worked fantastically and simple. Thank you so much for being here in person. I appreciate you. Thank you, Dean Williams. It was good seeing you.

Williams

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