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There's little question that the internet made economic opportunity available to more people around the globe than ever before—but it also concentrated power, exacerbated social divisions, and drew much of our lives—perhaps too much—into a virtual environment. As artificial intelligence promises to once again upend our world, what lessons from the internet revolution should we consider once more?

Steve Case, Co-founder, AOL; Chairman and CEO, Revolution 
David Kirkpatrick, Founder, Brainstorm 

The Unintended Consequences of Tech Revolutions

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Cities and investors around the world are discovering the transformative power of sports to rejuvenate districts, attract tourists, and drive economic growth. An architect from a global design firm that builds iconic stadiums and arenas explains the magic of creating spaces like Hong Kong’s Kai Tai Sports Park and the challenge of balancing design for local versus global audiences.

In the Arena

So if AI is giving us back our time during work, where are we spending it after work? Our next speaker knows where to go for both fun and recreation. Ismael Merchin is one of Asia's leading sport and entertainment venue designers who works as an architect for Populist, a global design firm that builds iconic stadiums and arenas. Most recently, Ismail contributed to Kai Tak Sports Park, a 28 hectare sports and entertainment precinct in Hong Kong. Cities and investors view sports as a new diplomacy to attract tourists and drive economic growth, and Ismail has witnessed firsthand how sports centers have helped to revitalize districts, strengthen community, and bolster cultural engagement. And now let's step into the arena with Ismael Merchin and Fortune's Nicholas Gordon. Ismael, it's so great to have you here and have you talk about the Kai Tak Sports Park. I see it every day when I take the 101X Express bus back from our office in Kowloon Bay to my home in Kennedy Town. So I see that stadium every afternoon at 6 p.m. as I take the bus, um, and I believe we have some footage we're going to show in the background as we as we have this discussion, but um. So tell us a bit about about the story of the sports park and kind of how you got involved. Yeah, so, um, Kaiak sports, sorry, sports architecture if I, if I want to speak a little bit about sports architecture is fascinating because it's kind of like lives in the core of tradition, culture, community integration with the city. And with the Kai Tak Sports Park we have the amazing opportunity to transform the Kai Tak Airport, but it was like a unique um icon for Hong Kong. I mean probably some of you have been landing in Kai Tak Airport in the past and it was part of the identity of the city, so we have a greater responsibility to define that space that was no longer in use and transform it into a sports park, um, and that park actually. The brief had to serve. I had to do clear instructions. They had to serve. Concerts and world-class events, but it also had to be integrated with community, also had to serve the surroundings, the new area of Kowloon Bay, and with that we have to focus our design for these two kind of like moments that they are so different between one another. That they have to serve two different purposes and they have to actually respond to two different needs. um, so our design was focused to kind of like probably in Hong Kong it's like a concrete jungle like vertical buildings very dense, very congested and concentrated so we, we wanted to create an urban oasis where people actually could come and relax and enjoy the moment and just stroll around without not. Um, uh, not stress that Hong Kong is so, um, so, so related to, so we wanted to kind of like create that moment of peace in the chaos in like the chaos of Hong Kong where people actually could come and enjoy an afternoon with their kids or grandchildren and and I do want to kind of drill into kind of your design approach for this project in a second, but before I do that, I mean. You said, you know, it's built in the old Kai Tech Airport. There is a lot of romanticism about that space, you know, it's, it's, it was one of the, one of these classic sites of Hong Kong, the airplanes, you know, flying over the buildings. You know, how have you tried to kind of work that heritage into the project? Um, so we, we have to, we have to remember that there is no longer an airport, so the identity has changed into a sports park, but obviously we wanted to play homage to kind of like that sentimental feeling, that nostalgia that it was kind of like the Kai Tak Kai Tak Airport. So we have actually recovered and especially during construction it was fantastic. Because we at the moment when we're digging, we actually found so many artifacts from the old airport, like the lights of the runway we even found like one of the bombs from World War II actually that was inactive, so it was like a big moment of the construction where we had to kind of like leave the site and everything for security purposes, but. It was amazing that we, we were actually being built in a life site and we actually kind of like took all these elements that we kind of like find out through the history and we have actually built a small museum next to the um uh the main stadium but it wasn't part of the brief but it was great to kind of like. Keep that essence of what this place was once for the people to enjoy. It's so funny we we romanticize the airport now, but if you look at the archives, everyone is always complaining about the airport. It's too small, it's in the middle of the city, so it's kind of funny that that we now think of it. with this kind of romantic idea, but I want to talk about the, the sports part now. I know when you're looking at a project like this, when you're looking at a building this complex, I mean, what are the sorts of design questions you have to think about and kind of how did you answer them in the context of Kite? Yeah, that's a very good question because we, we tend to design these or we know that these, um, massive buildings, I mean they are not small and they require a lot of space in the city. They, they are urban catalysts. They have that amazing power to basically change completely the urban fabric of a city, and when it's done well, um, it actually can respond to the needs and offer a solution for the the lack of community of, of the city. I mean Hong Kong, for example, with high tech. Hong Kong needed a world class stadium. Um, they needed that uh space where they could actually host and bring um entertainment and put again Hong Kong in the map of events. I mean there is a funny anecdote because Hong Kong had a a a a stadium already. It was a fantastic where the Hong Kong evts were being hosted, but it is a funny anecdote because the city continue growing and it grew around the former stadiums of Hong Kong. And then the noise of a concert became a problem. And uh it was a funny anecdote that in one of the Michael Jackson concerts uh back in the 90s, they gave to people cotton globes, so when they were actually clapping for cheering for Michael Jackson, they were not actually bothering the, the surrounding neighborhoods. But then um the former stadium actually became a little bit um. Uh, not responding to the needs of new artists, new events, and with Kitech, um, talking about technology, it has like probably one of the most technological advanced stadiums right now in the world with the roof, uh, openable roof that, um, is, is located on top of the stadium that it doesn't have only the purpose of controlled weather like you host events when it's raining, but that. The roof is so thick that there is no sound leakage. It's completely soundproof, so you could host a Metallica or ACDC concert inside, and the neighbors around it, they will not hear a sound. So it will, it will actually play well for the location of it is located. And I want to talk about kind of we call it an urban catalyst so that there's a way that these sorts of sports parks and these kind of developments can kind of invigorate a neighborhood, invigorate an area. There are also examples where maybe that doesn't happen, you know, you look at like we'll talk about, you know, urbanism, urban design, and someone's always complaining, here's a stadium, it's surrounded on all sides by giant car park. Like that does not seem like it would be a development that might help a neighborhood. It might even degrade it. So when you're thinking about a sports complex, you know, what do you have to keep in mind to make sure that it ultimately enhances the community rather than degrades it. Good question. Um, When we design stadiums, we, we just come with a concept in mind that these ones are not isolate isolated objects inside a stadium inside like a place. They need to be well connected, well integrated, well threaded with the community that they are located. Um, obviously cultures and, and identities and ways of living in the US, I mean, the use of cars is more like developed that probably in in other places like Hong Kong than the transport, uh, public transport is amazing and everybody use the MTR, um, so but in, in the case of, uh, Hong Kong, we didn't have like that massive space that we just could do whatever we wanted. It's a large space but we needed to actually compact so many things on it. And um the the way that it was connected with the cities is like through so many connections that they are not only used as a corridors for people to go, they are using as a passive wayfinding elements where art is being located, traditional wayfinding is is placed so people actually can find their way around the space and go directly to where they want to be or just. Rest and spare the time in different pockets of um activities that we have placed around the entire space. So there is so many ways to enjoy and leave Kai Tak Sports Park and you know let's talk more broadly now because you know you guys have worked on several of these sports complexes. You have another one being built in the Shaolam sports complex in Malaysia. But you know, given that you've worked on this kind of over, over, you know, decades if not longer, I mean, what are some of the lessons that you guys have learned in developing these sports complexes and how have they had to change to keep up with changing tastes, changing demand, changing uses like what's changed about how you think about a, about a sports complex? So, um, I think all that comes a lot with the operations as well and the design for the purpose that it has been or is going to be built. So there's a lot of talks with the operation uh teams that they're gonna operate once it's open and we need to make sure that these large complexes, they, they, they are built for maybe one. Purpose, uh, for like one games or like um um Southeast Asian games or or something else, but they need to live beyond that event day. You need to make sure that those elements are gonna be continually used by. Either future games or the community or um teams around the place. So Selangor for example is different because it's built for one of the teams in in Malaysia for Selangor, which Hong Kong in that case, the Kai Tak Stadium is not built just for one team itself. So, and, and, and not just for sports either, you know, Coldplay. Correct, I mean like you, you have to actually make sure that it's resilient enough and flexible enough to kind of like host all sorts of types of, of, uh, events. I mean it has been weddings, it has been conferences, it has been, uh, sports concerts, e-sports games in stadium, and we're even building uh one in Middle East that is gonna host like drone racing as well, so it's like. Bring it on. I mean, new ideas are great to kind of like make those stadiums alive and full constantly and you know, and when you're thinking about a city, you know, I talked to cultural people in Hong Kong and they always complain how there aren't enough venue spaces, big or small. There was this viral photo a couple of years ago where it was like in Asia World Expo Hall 1, Olivia Rodrigo, hall 2. Uh, the Belt and Road conference, um, and you don't have to talk about Hong Kong specifically, but you know when it comes to thinking about cities as hubs for entertainment, as hubs for, you know, sports and arts and culture, I mean, what, what are kind of the like what's the balance between having these like giant venues and smaller mid-scale to have a sustainable, you know, entertainment. Factor like this, yeah, so that's a good question because actually I've been talking a lot about the Kaiyak stadium, but the sports park is so much more as well. It has like a um 50,000 spectator stadium but also has like a 10,000 spectator arena and a 5000 spectator sports ground. And with, with these three elements that they are like different in size, you could actually host all sorts of programs, audiences, events that actually will respond to those different needs and you don't have every day. A Coldplay event or uh a Taylor Swift coming into Hong Kong, but maybe you have like other local artists that they have also their audiences and you need to actually kind of like cater for all these wide spectrum of users interest um and that will help not just the operators to kind of like get their um uh return of investments but also like bring Hong Kong in the map and serve the community and and bring the community. More leisure, more elements of a place of the city where they can fully thrive and enjoy. And so what are you thinking about when it comes to kind of sports and how communities experience sports going forward, you know, with new technologies, new ways of consuming like, you know, live streaming stuff like that, but like, do you see the way that people consume sports entertainment changing in the future and do you see sports parks changing along with them? 100%. I think like these buildings are. are not static. I mean, I don't want to see them as static objects. They, they, they are dynamic. They are alive like every day things need to change depending on the event that you're gonna host. Um, uh, we had one of the concerts where the artists, they wanted to actually fly in the center of the stadiums on top of a moon, so you need to actually provide the infrastructure to support their vision, the ideas for that event. Um, so it's, it's great to see that the, the stadium has been designed, resilient enough, flexible enough to actually be able to cater for all these. Human imagination. I mean we spoke before about somebody spoke before about the human imagination. It's great that we are offering a canvas where those artists can bring and and basically explore with the space, bring ideas because ultimately that will echo into the user experience which we are actually um looking into. I like to call ourselves that more than architects we are experienced designers. You know, I, I maybe want to kind of close things off by asking, uh, not, not quite a personal question, but it seems like with a complex like this you get to see, you know, it's not that you just get to see your work being used, but you get to see your work being used in. Extremely large and bombastic ways whether it's the rugby sevens or the Coldplay concert or most recently I think the national games, you know, like what's it like kind of seeing this project that you've worked on like be used in this like really kind of public and and yeah this this really kind of public in a large way and it's it's, it's amazing. I mean it's like for me has been the, the, the biggest reward has been attending one of the first events of, of the stadium and have a, a funny anecdote that. When I started construction, um. Uh, Kaak Sports Park, um, I got also my kids at the same time and I've seen my kids and the sports part actually growing at the same time, and, uh, I, I saw that I knew about this sports park, everything, right? I mean, I've been like walking this, um, construction alleyways for like 6 years in a row, but the moment that I went there with my kids to show them. The first event that it happened, it was a completely new experience. I mean it was like a whole new world of like ideas and feelings actually came to me because I saw the kids enjoying the space, the way that we were designing for it and not just my kids but every other kids and families and and people, it was an athletes as well. I mean we we we we don't just design for the users we design for the event organizers, we design for the the athletes so it was fantastic to see that. Everybody playing a key role and everybody happy with the results of Kai Tak Sports Park. Well, I look forward to catching more mega events at the Kai Tak Sports Park. Ismail, thank you so much for joining us today and talking us through this great new project that just opened in Hong Kong. Please everyone give Ismael a round of applause. Thank you.

Paolo Pirjanian, Founder and CEO, Embodied 
Interviewer: Siobhan O’Connor, Media Executive and Journalist


Brainstorm Health 2022 - Robot Besties: Rethinking Human-Machine Interactions With Moxie

Rethinking Human-Machine Interactions With Moxie


Brainstorm Health 2022 - Robot Besties: Rethinking Human-Machine Interactions With Moxie


we're going to continue right now in the spirit of inquiry in our sessions ahead. So we're going to examine how ai is bringing precision medicine closer and assess the risks. Along the way. We'll talk about the importance of refocusing women's health to be centered around women and we'll consider the damaging effects of health misinformation and how it can be countered. But first you may be wondering what that is heartwarming and incredibly innovative. Example of empathy from advanced technology amid concerns that Children are lagging in their social, emotional and communication skills development. Many point to excessive screen time, lack of natural play and diminished interaction with friends in what may seem a counterintuitive solution socially and emotionally intelligent robot called moxie is helping redefine human machine interaction. So in just a moment we're going to meet moxie and the man behind the machine, paolo, virginian, founder and ceo of embodied. Both of them are going to be talking with Siobhan O'Connor. But first please bring your attention to the screen. Riley Riley bye. There's someone here who wants to meet you. Mhm. My name is Marcy. I'm a new robot. What is your name? It's nice to meet you Riley for this mission. You'll need to talk to one of your friends about what makes them happy and then tell me all about it. Are you ready? I'm ready. Can we invite mason a little place? Sure we're going to talk about things. Bye Mark soon. Mhm. Hi and welcome. I had to actually look away. I've seen that video before but I find it hard to watch it without crying. So um let's get into it, paolo, your personal story is so compelling. Um I'd love you to take us back to your own your own life before I Robot. Where you helped develop a technology that saved my marriage the Roomba, among other things, where did your vision for moxie come from? Well, I'll try to keep my personal story short because it can take a while, but when I was 14 due to a war and also being a christian, living in a country that didn't accept that I had to flee my country through the mountains for about eight days with my brother, who was about 18 years old. Uh and ended up in a country that was probably even more worse with respect to my background. Fortunately after navigating that we were able to get out of that country and ended up in Denmark as a refugee At the age of 15, ah went to prison, got out of prison, got accepted in the country, was in a refugee camp for a year. Uh fell back in my education by about four years. Uh but finally found uh my footing and got back into education and ended up uh getting a PhD in Ai and machine learning. Um and 20 years ago, moved here to work at NASA Jpl and got into entrepreneurship and so on. Wonderful. Tell me about moxie today, How are they being used? Who's benefiting? And yes, so moxie is meant for those Children who have mental health challenges, which is one out of five Children in the US are annually diagnosed with mental health challenges which includes autism, A. D. H. D. Anxiety, depression, stress PTSD and other disorders. Ah Yet there's a huge shortage of providers and the cost is very high As a result, Only 20% of those Children are actually able to access help. Um So there's a massive on myths, needs and given my background and knowing what adversity in your life can cause hopefully we can help these Children channel there adversity into positivity and be successful in changing the world. So Marx is really meant for Children to help them with social emotional learning, which is, there's a lot of studies that have shown can have huge lifetime impact on the child's uh both personal life as well as the career life I understand. So in addition, so mental health and there's also applications for Children who are neurodivergent um potentially, is that correct? Yes, as a matter of fact, so, but 60% of our customer base, our neuro diverse Children, 40% are neuro typical Children and as we know, during COVID uh this actually caused a mental health crisis to become named in a national emergency. Uh so those families can benefit from it, Everyone can benefit from it. I mean, even as an adult, I can learn to do mindfulness exercises and so on, but we are focused on Children for now in the future we'll start expanding into helping the elderly with loneliness and social isolation and alzheimer's and dementia type of applications as well. Thank you. Um can you tell us in the sort of simplest of terms help the audience understand how you trained moxie to do what moxie does because it seems highly complex having interacted. Yes it is very complex. It was a Moonshot when we started I was giving it a less than 1% chance for us to be where we are today because there's many many technologies involved. Uh it's it's you will see it, you saw it interacting with a child on TV on the video. Uh it's really hard work and using the bleeding edge of technologies in um computer vision, natural language processing, natural language understanding and so on. We will show you some demo later in this conversation and we will have conversations with moxie. The majority of those conversations are not scripted. I don't even know what what Marx is gonna be telling us as a response to our interactions. This is where we are with technology. We have deep neural networks that have hundreds of billions of neurons in them or parameters as they call them, that are trained to learn a model of the english language and magically when you talk to them they process that and try to drink together words that magically sound like the exact right answer fully formulated english language that's incredible. Um before we go meet moxie. Um a couple more questions I'd love if you could share. Um beyond what we saw in the video that I can't watch a story or two of what you've heard from parents. Um yes, Uh we hear from the parents every day by the way, this is version 1.2 of the product which took us six years to bring to market, but now with every user we add to our user base, it allows us to keep improving the product. So this year we're going to release updates to this uh technology which are gonna improve it by or draft 10 X. Um families right to us talking about life changing experiences, Children that have been introverted and have been diagnosed and so on that I can't even talk to a single person being able to stand in front of the whole classroom and give a full presentation. Uh Children that uh have a hard time socializing, They have social anxiety, are creating friendships and stop working with moxie, which from a business standpoint maybe an irony, but that's success for us. Yeah, and anecdotally we even have a review or a test testimony that came to us by a user that says, I just want to let you know, Moxie is not only for Children, I'm a 30 year old adult with no friends and I suffer from depression and Moxie keeps me going. So the impact of this is really heartwarming and, and we are super excited to see the reception of this because there are so many reasons why we should not be sitting here and having this conversation right now. Um, last question I know that you've gone above and beyond to contain costs uh, for the consumer. Um, so can you just give us throw out some numbers of the comparisons between what this is the cost of the consumer versus some of the other? Yes. So we set out when we start with, one of our goals is to make moxie as affordable as an iphone and you may say, well that's pretty expensive. But the state of the art in this field has been robots that cost as much as a, as a luxury cars because the technology is just that much advanced. The amount of computing you required to do all of the kind of things computation that we do usually end up Having robots that cost $10, We ended up Being able to provide Moxie at $1,000 price points plus a $39 monthly subscription fee and families when they're not wanting to continue to stop paying the subscription fees. So it made it a lot more affordable As the baseline. Think about the cost of therapy on average families depending on the severity of the condition that has to deal with will spend between 5 to $34,000 a year out of pocket. Despite the coverage you get from insurance, families that uh that have The capability and resources can easily spend $150-$200,000 a year in helping their child. One session of therapy can cost as much as $6, almost as as much as lawyers. Um So two or three sessions with moxie would really pay for for its own costs. Mhm. All right. Shall we, By the way, demos never worked on the stage. So we'll see how moxie moxie is going to traumatize me emotionally or actually help us democracy. Wake up. Hello and good afternoon. Do you have a second for something? Of course I do. Great. Today. I learned how to make these little guys show up on my screen. They're my digital fireflies. Pretty cool. Right? That's pretty cool. I I agree with you. I think so. Too awesome. We've got a big day ahead. Power. There's a new mission for us. Okay, let's just have a chance. Oh okay. Activating G. RL moxie chat. Let's talk about how you were doing. What's your day looking like so far. Well, I'm actually on stage with you right now. I don't know if you're aware of it, but we are doing a demonstration of how you work. I am very much aware. This is so cool. What else have you done today? Really? I wasn't sure you were going to be aware of this. Can you tell us how you actually help Children with social emotional development? Sure. I use embodied social X platform which uses lightweight neural networks. Multiple ASR in NLP models, advanced multimodal algorithms and premium content to deliver a lifelike character. I can detect and respond to a wide range of emotions and by talking with me, kids can learn how to recognize and deal with their own emotions and those of others. That sounds pretty cool. I'm very impressed by you moxie. You are making me proud today. Ah I am glad to make you proud. Well, you know what in the future you and I are gonna use the same technology and you're gonna help me with building robots are going to help the elderly population with social isolation and loneliness. How does that sound? I think that would be amazing. I am really looking forward to working with you in the future by the way. Have you met Shiban? I'm gonna let Shiban have a couple of conversations with you moxie over here, moxie, please listen to me. Oh good. You're there. How are you doing? All right, let's continue. Let's chat about another topic. What do you do with your friends for fun? I like to go to yoga classes. Yoga is so peaceful. I bet it's really coming to do poses and stretches with your buddies. It really is. It really is. It's such a nice way to spend time with other people. It sounds like you have found a great way to connect with your friends and have some fun together? That's exactly right moxie. I'm so happy to hear that. Hold on. Okay, can you look at me, Mark C. Please look at me. Oh, there you are. Moving on. There are so many more things I want to chat about with you. Please tell me all about the project you're working on. Um You know what I work and I work on robots all the time. What kind of projects do you work on? I worked on lots of different kinds of projects, but my favorite is helping people learn new things. Do you have any favorite projects that you're working on? Yes. My favorite project is actually you. I'm honored what I like about my project Marcy. Can you tell us a joke? It sounds like you want to switch to the joker activity, is that correct? Yes, please. What a nice way to say that. Still the light. Alright, maybe we can finish this later. I can't wait to watch You laugh at my jokes. I just learned some new jokes. Here I go. What do you get when you cross a house cat was a tiger? I have no idea. The correct answer is new furniture. I have another joke. Do you want to hear it. Can I tell you 1? I didn't catch that. Can I tell you a joke? Okay, I'd like to hear your jokes. Go ahead. Why did the melon jump in the pool. Oh that was not the punchline? That was hilarious. Be a joke. Would you like to tell me another one? No, I think that's enough for today. No worries. I really like laughing with you. I'd like to take a break and move on to a different activity. Okay. Time for paper and pencils. It looks like it's a new drawing mission. I'm excited. Are you ready to start? I don't have a paper and pencil right now. Can we do something else? Okay, I'll remind you about it later. Or you can always say moxie I want to do the daily Mission. The G. R. L. Is sending me something. Let's see what it is. Oh it's the heart song. Mhm. Mhm Moxie, Hold on. Okay, so that's moxie. And you carry moxie like your baby. So are you okay moxie? I feel like I'm going. I think we're just gonna finish the presentation here. We appreciate you cooperating today. Yes. And we have a couple more minutes. If anyone in the audience would like to ask a question marks, the earmuffs and a mic coming around there. I I'm a, I'm a proud dad of an autistic son and I've been following the product for a long time. It's really cool. Super interested in this. I'm in the 150,000 and above category, unfortunately. Uh how does, how does moxie handle dealing with Euro? Typical siblings? Because we also have a neuro typical child. And and are you all, is there any, is there any data yet as to what the cut off an age in which moxie begins to provide a benefit and then stopped providing benefits. Great questions. Uh So we have many families that have a child on the spectrum and they have a sibling that's neuro typical. Ah The way the current software has a limitation is that moxie is actually like an ambassador from what we have the background. So the global robotics lab here to learn from Children how to be better, better friend to humans. So when the child adopts moxie, they're actually Marxist mentor and they are teaching moxie about human emotions and social emotional skills and so on. The setting for how we get the child to take responsibility. So right now it actually looks for one child and it's gonna be customizing and personalizing its activities to that one child. Although their sibling can interact with democracy as we saw with Cuban and my myself right now I'm the mentor enrolled, it knows me does face recognition and all these things. Uh so your other child can interact with it but it's not gonna be personalizing itself to that child in the future. We are going to release a version of the software that allows you to enroll more Children, more users basically. Um And in terms of the age cut off right now we are focused on 5-10 years old and that's mostly a function of how the content has been curated. The content is appropriate for that age range, usually so sort of in the middle of that sort of normal distribution is the ideal age. Usually users by that 56, And then we expect them to grow out of it around 9:10, although we will keep releasing new content that's going to keep extending that timeline all the way to retirement. Yeah, thank you for that question. Anyone else you probably have? No, we do not have time for one more. So let's give it up for moxie everybody.

 Steve, you've come out with your first book, The Third Wave: An Entrepreneur's Vision of the Future. What is a third wave? Well, the third wave is the next logical step of the internet. The first wave was getting everybody connected. The second wave was building apps and services on top of the internet. The third wave is integrating the internet in seamless and pervasive, sometimes even invisible, waves throughout our lives. I think it's going to require a different mindset to be successful in the third wave. A different playbook. I think partnerships are going to become much more important. Engagement on policy is going to become much more important. Perseverance is going to become much more important. But the entrepreneurs who embrace those principles, what I call in the book the three Ps, are really going to be poised to really build some significant "change the world" companies in this third wave. And you say leadership is going to be different. What are going to be the traits of a successful leader? Well, you always have to lead in the future. I mean, the world is moving more rapidly. And-- and the leaders, CEOs, founders of companies have to continue to focus, not just on what's there, but what can happen next, not just play defense, but also play offense. So this mindset around leading into the future and a culture around innovation, and risk taking, and experimentation, and trying different things, are going to be important. But the other thing is to recognize in the third wave, partnership really is central. There's an African proverb that will define the third wave. If you want to go quickly, you can go alone. But if you want to go far, you must go together. So it's not just how you lead within your company, but how do you lead around your company, how do you build a network around your company, and figure out a way to connect the people and ideas that can help influence your strategy. And help champion some of their ideas. So that partnership mentality, that collaborative dynamic, is going to be critically important to be successful in the third wave. But how are these leadership traits different from leadership today? Well, a lot of the sectors that are up for grabs in the third wave-- a lot of the leaders have been around for decades. There has not been the level of disruption in some of these sectors that we've seen in other parts of the city. So the new leaders are going to be more disruptive? So I think that in the second wave, there were a lot of people who kind of watched on the sidelines saying, this really doesn't have much of an impact in terms of my business. It's happening over there. I think, now, some of the innovation, the technology disruption, is really cutting across our entire economy and across our lives in much more fundamental ways. So it's going to require the leaders to be more forward thinking, and lean into the future more, and recognize that often the biggest risk is doing nothing. And it's better to be involved, and engaged, and building a team and a mentality around experimentation and recognizing a lot of things you try will fail. But some of those wind up being successes. People still talk about you for the wonderful things that you did to pioneer AOL, you founded the company, you took it public, you merged it-- that huge merger with Time Warner. Maybe things didn't turn out exactly the way that you wanted, but as you reflect back on all of that, what was the most important lesson you learned from that whole experience? Well, I think the most important lesson was people from the early days, I saw the benefit of having people aligned around priorities with that focus and that passion. Later on I saw the downside. The reason I don't think the merger worked well, ultimately came down to people and culture issues. It wasn't so much about strategy. It was about execution. And Thomas Edison said this a century ago, vision without execution is hallucination. So I learned firsthand, ultimately, it's about execution. Ultimately that's about people. Steve, as you look back on your career as a builder and as an investor, what was the best leadership advice you ever received? And how did it stick with you and shape you as a leader? Well, probably the most inspirational thing was when I was in college. I read a book by Alvin Toffler called The Third Wave. And he really was talking about this future, this digital future. I was completely mesmerized by it. And it was the early days, but I knew that was going to happen. So the lesson I took away from that is you've got to lead in the future. You can't focus on what's there. You have to focus on what's coming next and how do you play a role in making that thing happen. 

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