The proportion of students who go to schools with high or extreme levels of chronic absenteeism jumped from 26% in the 2017-2018 school year to 66% in 2021-22 school year, according to an analysis of government data from Everyone Graduates Center at Johns Hopkins University and Attendance Works. It’s not just one day of pretending to be sick while watching Judge Judy; to be considered chronically absent, a student has to miss at least 10% of school days. During the most recent surveyed year, about 14.7 million students (or 29.7%) fell into this category. 

Pre-pandemic, absenteeism issues were largely based in high school, but this new research shows the crisis is now hitting elementary and middle schools—evidence of the pandemic’s toll on the school system, if you ask Hedy N. Chang, executive director at Attendance Works. It’s “a sign that the positive conditions of learning, that are critical to motivating students to attend, have been eroded at school,” Chang tells Fortune. 

COVID was the last crack in a broken system

Indeed, the education sector is feeling the ripple effects from underpaying and overworking its employees. Dealing with remote teaching and a high cost of living on staggeringly low pay prompted many burned out teachers to quit, fueling a teacher shortage. Replacing them has been difficult; some school districts have even turned to the National Guard to fill in the gaps. While those who remain are trying to help, everyone from bus drivers to first grade teachers remain underpaid and stressed out.

“I’m seeing more educators, especially the younger ones, coming in and saying, ‘I’m not willing to put up with this,’” Joshua Morgan, a former teacher at a rural district, told The Associated Press. It’s gotten to the point where many teachers are priced out of living near the district where they teach as they can’t afford to navigate a difficult housing market. 

It’s a crisis that’s been looming for years, as teachers have struggled to make ends meet and increasingly found themselves at the forefront of other national issues like gun safety and censorship regarding LGBTQ+ rights and critical race theory. The pandemic just pushed a system that was already at its breaking point even further.

“So much of [our system] is held together with duct tape and glue. When you have a scenario like COVID that really threatens the stability of even a high-functioning district, of course we’re going to see disproportionate impacts on those districts that were already teetering on a precipice of insolvency and instability to begin with,” Jess Gartner, founder of Allovue, a education finance technology company, told the Atlantic.

Targeted funding for stronger relationships

The lack of investment in public schools and the shortage of educators has created a declining educational system. Testing scores have suffered in part as school districts struggle to bounce back from learning disruptions during remote schooling while dealing with teacher development and staffing issues, according to a study from the Center on Reinventing Public Education. And students have been missing school at record rates since they reopened during the pandemic.

The Johns Hopkins University and Attendance Works data is just the latest research on plummeting school attendance. Stanford University education professor Thomas Dee and The Associated Press compiled data that found an estimated 6.5 million additional students became chronically absent.

And some students have left the public school system entirely—enrollment in K-12 dipped by 1.2 million students during the 2021-2022 school year, separate research finds, particularly among kindergarten students and remote-only schools (some of these children turned to private schools or home-schooling instead).

To fix chronic absenteeism, the education system needs to be strategic with how they use their money, Chang says. “We need target investments and efforts to strengthen the foundational building blocks available to all students that ensure they feel physically and emotionally healthy and safe at school as well as a sense of belonging and support,” she explains.

That includes supporting schools so they can help provide the basic needs for their students and families, she adds. But the key might lie in establishing strong relationships between teachers and their students, she says—but that’s hard to do with the high levels of turnover and already overworked educators. 

“Every time I talk with a district that is making progress reducing chronic absenteeism, the single most common feature I hear about is that they use relationship building,” says Chang, who explains that these relationships can help motivate students or families that need help sharing their barriers in getting to school. But at the same time “relationship building also requires investing in the adults working in schools.”

[Editor’s note: A previous version of this story incorrectly stated that Chang called for more funding. That has been clarified to specify that she was referring to target funding.]