As hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19 rise, governments are grappling with whether to prioritize getting a first shot of vaccine into as many arms as possible, or to take a slower approach that reserves some of the limited supply to deliver a second dose at the optimal interval to attain maximum protection. Some governments seem willing to accept the trade-off of lower immunity to inoculate more people. Some scientists have cautioned that untested timing regimens have the potential to undermine confidence in vaccines and, even worse, facilitate the emergence of dangerous new variants.
1. What’s the timing on vaccine doses?
COVID-19 vaccines made by Moderna Inc., Pfizer Inc.-BioNTech SE, and AstraZeneca Plc are administered in two doses. The recommended timing of the second dose varies depending on the vaccine, and is based on clinical trial data regulators used in their review process. In studies, the second Pfizer-BioNTech dose was given 21 days after the initial shot; Moderna’s was given 28 days later. Doses of AstraZeneca’s vaccine were scheduled 4 to 12 weeks apart across four trials.
2. Why is a second shot needed?
Vaccines are intended to hardwire immunological memory to generate a rapid, targeted and durable response by antibodies and T-cells to an invading foe. Typically booster shots are intended to provide the immune system with advanced “training” to make better antibodies. Some vaccines requiring multiple doses are administered four months apart to optimize immune memory. COVID-19 vaccines may work the same way, but it will take additional studies to know this for sure. Johnson & Johnson is studying a single-shot COVID-19 vaccine, with results expected to be analyzed soon.
3. What’s being proposed?
By using shots that normally would have gone to people who have already received the first dose, the U.K. aims to give more people an initial dose. That followed a move by U.S. health authorities to revise guidance that recommended an interval of three or four weeks between doses of the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines. The new guidance said doses can be spaced out by up to six weeks if it’s impossible to get the follow-up shot on time. The FDA said slight delays shouldn’t affect the protection offered by the vaccine.
4. What will the delay do?
It’s hard to know without more research. Data from the Pfizer-BioNTech trial found partial protection was achieved as early as 12 days after the first dose, but two doses were required to provide maximum efficacy, or 95% protection against disease. There are no data to demonstrate that protection after the first dose is sustained after 21 days. There is also concern that inoculated patients may change their behavior in a way that increases the risk of spread, negating some of the benefits of vaccination. In a split with other regulators, the European Medicines Agency said that changing how coronavirus vaccines are given to people raises the risk of reducing effectiveness.
5. What are the risks of spacing out doses?
They’re medical, theoretical and social. The medical risk is that the first dose almost certainly won’t be as protective as two doses. Spacing out doses extends the period when people—most of whom have been chosen to get vaccines quickly at this point for reasons of vulnerability—will have incomplete protection until they get their second dose. The theoretical risk is that a weak response to the virus in millions of people who have received just one dose would foster the emergence of new variants that could evade vaccine-induced antibodies. This would undermine a year’s work to develop safe and effective vaccines. And the social risk is that mixed messages on the topic—from governments, regulators, professional groups and drugmakers—will make it more difficult to communicate with the public on vaccines that are already controversial, and shunned by some.
6. What’s happened in countries with rapid vaccination?
By late January, Israel had given more than a quarter of its people at least one dose. Health officials there have noted that cases started to decline within two weeks of the shots being administered, and before people began receiving a second dose. However, some data collected from older residents vulnerable to developing severe illness indicated the first dose led to a 33% reduction in COVID-19 cases, far lower than the effectiveness after two doses. Data collected by AstraZeneca, however, shows that pacing out doses by 8 to 12 weeks may actually be the efficacy “sweet spot,” Mene Pangalos, the drugmaker’s executive vice president for biopharmaceutical research and development, told a U.K. government panel. The U.K. drugs regulator has recommended the AstraZeneca vaccine be administered within an interval of up to 12 weeks. The World Health Organization says that, although there is some data to support that interval for the AstraZeneca vaccine, there is no scientific evidence to stretch the second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to 12 weeks.
7. What do others say?
Although AstraZeneca has been in favor of spacing out shots, Moderna and Pfizer have been more cautious. Pfizer said the safety and efficacy of its vaccine hasn’t been evaluated on different dosing schedules, and that it’s critical that health authorities carefully monitor the effects of any alternative regimens and ensure each recipient is afforded the maximum possible protection, “which means immunization with two doses of the vaccine.” France’s government announced Jan. 26 that it would not delay second doses, shunning the advice of its health authority and citing risks and uncertainties in the face of new variants. Anthony Fauci, who heads the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said he’s worried about the push to stretch dosing schedules. The British Medical Association called for the U.K. to “urgently review” its decision to allow delays of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. The U.K. physicians group supports delays of up to six weeks, but said Britain’s plan goes “well beyond” that.
