General Motors’s recent acquisition of Silicon Valley startup Cruise Automation for a reported $1 billion has accelerated a stampede by other automakers, suppliers, and venture capital firms looking to invest in or acquire new companies developing self-driving technology.

Consumers, meanwhile, remain concerned about aspects of self-driving technology and “overwhelmingly” still want the ability to manually control a self-driving vehicle, the study said.

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“The most frequent preference for vehicle automation continues to be for no self-driving capability,” said the study’s authors, Brandon Schoettle and Michael Sivak.

The survey results are consistent with those in a similar survey that the university conducted a year ago and generally mirror the findings in a study that the American Automobile Association released in March. The AAA report found that three out of four respondents were “afraid” to ride in a self-driving car.

The latest University of Michigan survey found 46% of respondents preferred no self-driving, followed by partial self-driving (39%) and complete self-driving (15%).

Nearly 95% of respondents said they wanted to have a steering wheel plus gas and brake pedals so they could take control of a self-driving vehicle when desired, the study found.

For more about where Uber is testing self-driving cars, watch:

Traditional automakers and suppliers have embarked on a gradual phase-in of self-driving technologies, from automatically regulating speed and braking to keeping the vehicle from drifting out of its traffic lane.

Electric car maker Tesla Motors has gone a step further with its Autopilot system, which gives owners the option of limited self-driving on the highway.

Technology companies led by Alphabet’s Google favor an “all-in” approach, with its latest prototypes designed to drive automatically without steering wheel or pedals.