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A friend recently asked, “Ben, just between you and me, the market is going to crash, right?”

My answer was a resounding “yes.” The stock market will definitely crash at some point. That’s just the nature of the beast.

The logical follow-up question was this: “So can you tell me when it’s going to crash?”

My answer this time was a resounding “no.” I wish I knew the answer to this question but, unfortunately, no one knows when the market will crash.

According to the United State Geological Survey (USGS), major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0-7.9) occur a little more than once a month. Great earthquakes (magnitude 8.0 and higher) are seen roughly once a year, on average. Earthquake experts can use historical statistics to understand patterns of these natural disasters but they don’t occur on a set schedule. So even with advances in geological technology, it’s still impossible for experts in this area to predict exactly when the next big one will strike.

The same is true of the next stock market crash. But even using historical patterns doesn’t provide much clarity because there’s little rhyme or reason to the market environment when a crash occurs. Here’s a look at a variety of market variables just before every bear market since World War II:

Investors would kill for the low valuation and high yields seen at previous peaks in the late-1940s, mid-1970s or early-1980s. It didn’t matter at the time. Stocks still fell big in each of those situations.

The S&P 500 has experienced bear markets from high valuations, low valuations, high interest rates, low interest rates, high inflation, low inflation and everything in-between. Fundamentals may help investors set reasonable long-term expectations but they don’t tell you what’s going to happen to stocks over the short-to-intermediate term.

Bear Markets vs. Market Crashes

Over the past two decades the S&P 500 has been cut in half twice, leading many investors to believe every bear market will result in a full-fledged crash. That’s always a possibility but there’s nothing written in stone that says every market peak will lead to a complete meltdown.

After the horrendous market crash during the Great Depression which saw the market fall upwards of 85%, stocks crashed 50% just a handful of years later starting in 1937. But then a funny thing happened. There was no earth-shattering crash for close to 40 years after those two debacles.

From 1938-1972, the average bear market for the S&P 500 saw stocks fall -27.4%. The worst drawdown in this time began in 1968, which was the end of the go-go years and the Nifty-Fifty bull market. But there was never a face-ripper of a crash over this entire period. The streak was finally broken in 1973-1974 when stocks fell roughly 50%. That didn’t happen again until the dot-com bubble burst in 2000.

Market crashes are always a possibility but there are also run-of-the-mill bear markets where markets fall but don’t get totally shellacked.

The Human Element

Calculating any number of up-to-the-minute fundamental ratios is easy these days because market data is ubiquitous. However, simply knowing the fundamentals won’t offer an edge in the markets because numbers don’t take into account the human element. We can measure past and current price-to-earnings ratios but not what prices investors will be willing to pay for those earnings in the future.

In the absence of a clear crystal ball, here are a few ways to prepare for the inevitability of market crashes:

Have a good handle on your willingness, need and ability to accept risk before the next big one hits. You don’t want to go about the process of re-calibrating your risk tolerance during a brutal bear market because your emotions will be running the show at that point.
Don’t hold more stocks in a bull market than you would be comfortable holding during a bear market. The reason they’re called market crashes is because they can happen quickly and without warning. Everyone assumes they will be able to hop off the train before it goes off the tracks. Invest under the assumption you are not one of these people.
Hold enough assets in cash, bonds, or other liquid securities to see you through a drawn-out crash scenario. The average bear market since WWII has lasted more than a year from peak-to-trough. To take advantage of these times when stocks go on sale you must have liquid reserves in the form of cash or high-quality bonds to take advantage.

Humans are prone to taking things too far in both directions but that doesn’t help predict how far we’ll collectively take things during the next melt-up or meltdown. I know for sure there will another market crash at some point. It’s something all investors should mentally prepare for. The hard part is knowing when that will be.

Ben Carlson, CFA is the Director of Institutional Asset Management at Ritholtz Wealth Management.