FORTUNE — In his annual letter to Berkshire Hathaway (BRKA) shareholders, released Friday afternoon, Buffett says he still believes U.S. stocks will “do well.” He notes that he made his first stock purchase during the bleakest part of World War II, so even if things look not so great right now, you should end up doing fine as well.
But compare that to last year’s letter. Buffett devoted three and a half pages – over 1,900 words – to a detailed explanation of why he thought stocks were a much better investment than say gold or bonds. (See Warren Buffett: Why stocks beat gold and bonds.) He also said he was bullish on U.S. housing.
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This time around he devotes four paragraphs to the case for stocks. And even in that small space, Buffett says that investors should expect periodic setbacks, and he includes two statistics that could signal one may be coming up sooner rather than later.
Buffett points out that the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose “a staggering” 17,320% in the 20th century — despite “four costly wars, a Great Depression and numerous recessions.” Here’s the problem: During nearly the same period, Buffett says GDP per capita rose much less about 500%.
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Buffett has used this comparison of the economy to stock market valuations before. He featured the metric in a story he wrote for Fortune back in 2001. (See Warren Buffett on the stock market) By that time, stocks had already fallen a bit from their dot-com infused highs. But they still weren’t a buy, Buffett said at the time. Despite their fall, stocks collectively were trading at a value of 133% of the gross national product of the U.S. (Buffett used GNP because it goes back 80 years, but for recent history using GDP works just fine.)
So where are stocks trading today? You guessed it. 133% of GDP.
The metric hit a high of 190% back in 1999. So we are a little ways from panic territory, but that doesn’t mean the market is a safe place to be right now. Far from it. Back in 2001, Buffett said investors who buy when the relationship of stock values to the economy falls in the 70% to 80% range should do well. That means stocks would have to plummet 43% before we are back in Buffett buy territory.
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Even so, Buffett doesn’t appear to be worried. In his own portfolio, Buffett in the past year has added to his stakes in Wal-Mart (WMT) and Wells Fargo (WFC), two companies that are likely to go up only if the economy and the rest of the market does as well.
It’s hard to tell if that’s because Buffett believes stocks are cheap, or just because he believes the other investing options are worse. “The risks of being out of the [stock market] game are huge compared to the risks of being in it,” writes Buffett in the letter. “Every tomorrow has been uncertain.”
