The war broke out at the end of February—fortuitously avoiding disrupting the previous winter—but Qatari liquefied natural gas (LNG) outages coupled with higher-than-usual summer demand have kept import-dependent nations from adequately replenishing their natural gas storage ahead of the looming winter months. Prices already are surging and the competition for cargoes is escalating.

“It’s pretty dire. It’s going to be a tough winter, period,” said David Lewis, senior analyst for gas and LNG at the Wood Mackenzie energy research firm. “Europe and Asia probably got into a false sense of security in March, April, and May when the weather was very favorable.”

The winter months will create strong gas demand for heating with limited LNG cargoes available, forcing European, Asian, and northern African countries such as Egypt to outbid each other for shipments, creating larger pricing spikes. Just this last week, natural gas pricing in the well-supplied U.S. remained relatively flat while spot prices in Europe spiked by nearly 26%, according to the Rystad Energy research firm. The European benchmark for natural gas prices was more than seven times higher than U.S. prices, and European spot prices already were more than 50% above their June lows.

The biggest losers, Lewis told Fortune, may be southeastern Asian nations such as Bangladesh and Pakistan that have steep gas shortages and cannot afford to outbid European countries. While Europe will face large price hikes—although not as bad as 2022 following the Russian invasion of Ukraine—some Asian nations could suffer temporary grid failures.

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Importer woes

Europe is still “approaching energy crisis territory,” according to Wood Mackenzie, and Europe’s projected shortfall coincides with plans to further ban Russian LNG supplies just when those volumes might be needed most.

European gas storage levels are just above 50% of capacity, which is historically low for late July. Wood Mackenzie’s “best-case scenario” is for Europe to have replenished its storage to 75% of capacity by November, which is the point at which storage is supposed to be at least 90% filled.

Lewis said northwestern European countries such as Germany and the Netherlands are looking at even sharper shortfalls now, even though Europe is nearly 20% less dependent on natural gas for electricity than it was five years ago. On the other side of the coin, there also is less coal-fired power to switch to during times of gas shortages.

“So, you just pay more and take the cargoes away from Asia essentially,” Lewis said. “In extreme circumstances, the governing body would have to start rationing gas.”

While most of the focus in the Middle East is on crude oil disruptions, Qatar is one of the world’s top three LNG exporters along with the U.S. and Australia. Qatar suffered serious LNG infrastructure damages early in the war, and those supplies are unlikely to be restored until late 2027. In addition, with the Strait of Hormuz remaining largely closed, even operational LNG cargoes from Qatar are struggling to exit, keeping European and Asian nations from refilling their storage volumes more quickly.

“We’ve gone past the threshold where it’s just a short-term [price] spike,” Lewis said. The question now is how many winters will be disrupted. “This can permeate between two or three years into the future.”