Trump has imposed tariffs on China, with duties on Mexico and Canada due to take effect on Tuesday, and higher levies on steel and aluminum coming later this month. He has also called for tariffs on autos, pharmaceuticals and chips, while threatening so-called reciprocal tariffs and duties on the European Union.

The Dallas Fed’s latest manufacturing survey showed sentiment has take a steep dive in the last month, plunging into negative territory, with respondents flagging the threat of tariffs as a top source of concern.

The production index, a measure of manufacturing conditions, sank 21 points from January to -9.1 in February, according to data released on Monday.

Other readings in the survey showed similar collapses. The general business activity index tumbled 22 points to -8.3 and a gauge of new orders fell 11 points to -3.5.

An indicator for hiring went flat, while another for the number of hours worked hit the lowest since mid-2020. Executives also reported sharply higher cost pressures on raw materials and finished goods.

Expectations also turned bleak. The company outlook index plunged 24 points to -5.2, the future general business activity index nosedived 27.8 points to 7.7, while the uncertainty index shot up by 29.2 points.

Such sudden pessimism is notable given the Dallas Fed covers Texas, northern Louisiana and southern New Mexico—areas that voted for Trump by wide margins in 2024.

By contrast, nationwide consumer confidence surveys have turned more partisan, with sentiment among Democrats tanking when a Republican becomes president, and vice versa.

“As an assiduous reader of the comments in the Dallas Fed’s surveys, their survey pool tends to voice many more conservative takes on the economy than liberal ones,” Comerica Bank chief economist Bill Adams wrote in a note Tuesday. “The fact that even this survey weakened in February, with many mentions of tariff and trade uncertainty, demonstrates that concern about trade war and inflation is crossing partisan lines.”

Indeed, tariffs frequently came up in anonymous comments in the Dallas Fed survey. One executive in chemical manufacturing said tariff threats and uncertainty are “extremely disruptive.” An electronics exec also flagged uncertainty and said business opportunities had been lost to other countries because of tariffs.

An exec in printing expressed worry about tariffs affecting costs, while another in transportation specifically highlighted concern over tariffs on Mexico and metals.

“The uncertainty in tariff threats and general chaos of another Trump presidency is weighing heavy on our business,” one respondent in miscellaneous manufacturing said.

A metal maker, which will benefit from higher tariffs on steel and aluminum, was upbeat about Trump’s expected policies but also warned of higher raw material costs.

The sudden pessimism in Texas, New Mexico and Louisiana is in line with a range of other recent indicators that suggest economic activity is worsening.

The Atlanta Fed’s GDP tracker now indicates that the economy is headed for a 1.5% contraction in the first quarter, after showing 2.3% growth just days earlier.

Meanwhile, consumer spending sank last month, jobless claims were up last week as cuts by DOGE rippled through the labor market, and pending home sales hit a record low.

In addition, surveys from other regional Fed banks found deterioration in the economic outlook as well as plans for capital spending.

But despite the mounting signs of a slowdown, economists don’t expect a recession.

“In other words, DOGE and tariffs combined are a mild temporary shock to the economy that will put modest upward pressure on inflation and modest downward pressure on GDP,” Apollo Management Chief Economist Torsten Slok said in a note Saturday.