Before the war, more than 80% of Iran’s trade tonnage transited by sea via southern ports, but that’s been closed off. U.S. Central Command said Sunday, it has redirected 109 commercial vessels to ensure compliance with the blockade.

As a result, convoys of trucks have flooded land routes along Iran’s borders with Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Turkmenistan. Iran’s trade with Turkey, for example, jumped 19% to $3.2 billion during the first half of the year.

But bureaucratic hurdles, such as long customs checks, and infrastructure that wasn’t designed to handle so much volume have produced massive traffic jams. At one crossing with Turkey, 3,700 trucks were stranded on the Iranian side.

Lines of trucks stretch for miles, and drivers sometimes wait more than three weeks to finally bring their cargoes across a border. During that time, perishable foods go bad, and delays for other essentials add to costs, with inflation now at 90%.

A Turkish truck driver hauling used cars into Iran told the Financial Times that wait times at the border on the return trip can reach 24 days. And an Iranian trucker said he spent 23 days waiting at a crossing along the Afghanistan border in mid-June.

At the border with Turkmenistan, lack of warehouses and proper registration processes have limited the ability to transport more goods by rail, according to the Wall Street Journal.

While bilateral trade with Iran’s neighbors is up, overall trade is still down. In the five months ending Aug. 22, Iranian customs show that non-oil exports fell 28% from a year ago to $15 billion, and imports dropped by 26% to $17 billion.

The collapse in trade has hit fuel supplies, much of which must be imported as Iran lacks sufficient capacity to refine the oil it produces. That’s led to gasoline shortages, forcing Tehran to curb demand with price hikes.

Given the all the problems associated with using land routes, Iranian industry admitted the Strait of Hormuz has to reopen.

“Under these circumstances, there is little alternative but to find a way to restore and maintain the southern trade corridors” through the Gulf, a member of Iran’s Chamber of Commerce told the FT.

President Donald Trump is counting on economic warfare to bring an end to the conflict, and even  Supreme Leader Ayatollah Mojtaba Khamenei has expressed anxiety about the economy.

But experts have cautioned that Iran’s repressive regime is unlikely to be swayed by the suffering of ordinary citizens and is prepared to wait out economic hardship longer than the U.S. public can endure high gas prices.

U.S. Navy

Still, the additional cost of relying on land routes is also staggering. Majidreza Hariri, the head of the Iran-China Joint Chamber of Commerce, said last month that transporting a single container between Iran and China via ships costs about $3,000, according to Hariri. But bypassing the blockade by transporting it over land would boost the cost to $12,000.

Given that 2 million containers pass through Iran’s southern ports annually, he estimated that heavier trade burdens will translate to about $18 billion in additional transportation costs alone every year.

Relying on land routes to get around the blockade could provide enough necessities to allow for short-term survival, but the economy will eventually “grind to a halt,” Hariri predicted.

By contrast, the other oil-producing countries in the Persian Gulf are getting more oil through the Strait of Hormuz, despite Iran’s efforts to scare away shipping with drone and missile attacks.

Central Command chief Adm. Brad Cooper said Saturday the U.S. military has supported the transit of 1 billion barrels of oil through the strait over the past two months, while assisting over 2,000 commercial ships. 

With the strait’s primary transit lanes now cleared of mines, the volume of crude oil, cargo, and liquid natural gas over the past two weeks was the highest in six months, or right after the Iran war began.

“And Iran has exported zero barrels thanks to our ironclad blockade,” Cooper said.