The escalating trade clash between the U.S. and China has investors on edge, fearing it could mark the beginning of the end for global cooperation as we know it. On Friday, President Donald Trump called China’s new export controls “extraordinarily aggressive” and “hostile”; he threatened a retaliatory 100% tariff. (He later sought to deescalate the situation, calming U.S. markets.)
For Kristalina Georgieva, head of the International Monetary Fund, it’s just another day in the office. Speaking at Fortune’s Most Powerful Women 2025 summit in Washington, D.C., she downplayed any fears of a trade war.
“Frankly, this thing that trade is dead is completely overstated,” Georgieva told Fortune’s Diane Brady. “Trade is like water. You put [up an] obstacle, it goes around it.”
And while Georgieva recognizes the world is becoming “foggier” and full of uncertainty, one of the biggest challenges comes from getting buy-in that cooperation is better than division: “We are in this one big boat. It is a rough sea. We better row together.”
Luckily, many countries already subscribe to this philosophy. She pointed out that following the onset of U.S. tariffs earlier this year, 188 out of the IMF’s 191 member states did not choose to retaliate. Instead, they’ve turned to regional partners for trade. Southeast Asia and the Gulf region are two examples she cited.
Even China has benefited from diversifying its trade portfolio: overall exports rose 8.3% in September—the highest total this year—thanks to strong trade growth with the European Union. Chinese shipments to the U.S. fell 27% in September, marking half a year of double-digit trade declines, according to data released by the General Administration of Customs.
But for business leaders, there’s a growing opportunity to be a grounding voice as long as they are willing to “buckle up,” Georgieva added.
“Good news for the world. The private sector is more agile, more adaptable,” she said. “Over the last years, we have seen in many countries where there was [a] big state presence in the economy—including because of IMF urging them to pull back—more private sector initiative. And in this time of strong winds, [business leaders] are an anchor of stability because you adapt, you just keep doing it.”
For female business leaders, in particular, she reiterated the need to always be thinking about worst case scenarios—and be ready to adapt to them.
“Think of the unthinkable so you’re ready when the unthinkable comes,” Georgieva said. “Because we know from COVID, we know from the war in Europe, it will come, and we women are so strong and resilient, and we can face it.”
