Did global car maker VW really need to deliberately cheat strict U.S. car emissions tests to sell cars in the U.S.? With the money it spent to develop software to cheat the system, would it not have been better to invest in the development of cars that could actually meet the standards and put itself in a powerful position to sell much cleaner cars in Europe as well?

Cutting regulatory corners is far from unknown in the automobile industry — and not just in the U.S. There appears to be gaming of the system going on in Europe, too, where for the test cycles, the cars are equipped with the best tires, but not the tires with which the average cars will be sold — meaning that many cars on the road never meet the test results on fuel efficiency with which these cars are marketed. Of course, VW is not a lone wolf here, and in fact this is somewhere where VW scores slightly above the industry average.

Pushing the envelope on tests can be seen as a practical effect of the intersection between the search for profit on the one hand and, on the other, the perception among many — but not all — car makers that government is not really the appropriate setter of rules, as The Tobin Project has highlighted. The point is that a company which does not respect the rule-making process may find it easier to break the rules, even if it is formally and publicly committed to being a good corporate citizen.

Our research has identified two different ways that some car makers in Europe have approached the regulation process and regulators — typified by either freedom from rules to do what they want or freedom to innovate within a common set of rules. Will this ethical crisis precipitate an overdue curtailment of automotive giant freedom and lead to a necessary tightening of regulatory oversight?

Taking responsibility
A dramatic fall — measured in tens of billions — in the VW share price has seen big business ethics again dominate front-page news for several days. Any short-term bounce back to business, as usual, looks unlikely, as nearly £5bn has been set aside to cover the potential product recall costs for the 11 million vehicles involved.

A reportedly “shocked” CEO Martin Winterkorn, vowed that “manipulation at VW must never happen again.” In resigning, he claimed he was “not aware of any wrong doing on my part” — a refrain not dissimilar to claims from FIFA’s Sepp Blatter. Our media-fueled culture of blame likes to see blood letting after a scandal of this magnitude, and the VW board statement anticipates announcing further personnel consequences.

And so, yet another high-profile global enterprise chokes and splutters over business ethics. The respected German automotive giant joins Barclays, Toshiba and Petrobas in an expanding band of leading companies that have been decapitated following reporting standards scandals.

Diesel’s demise?
Another big question that this episode throws up is the future of diesel in car manufacturing. Paul Nieuwenhuis at Cardiff University’s electric vehicle centre suggests this crisis questions the credentials of diesel as an emissions-efficient fuel and further undermines public support, perhaps fueling the regulatory case supporting an acceleration of power-train electrification.

VW’s 2.4 million diesel vehicle sales in 2013 — more than double its nearest competitors — accounts for 25% of its factory output

Major European cities such as Paris and Birmingham are already calling for a crackdown on diesel, and the FT has suggested that Europe, where 53% of 2014 engines sold used diesel, might switch “virtually overnight” to petrol.

Winterkorn’s unambiguous public apology stated: “I personally am deeply sorry that we have broken the trust of our customers and the public.” That was a precursor to falling on his sword.

With the very real threat of a large fine and potential for criminal charges, according to the BBC, we can expect Europe’s largest commercial organization to remain particularly tight-lipped, although this story appears to still have enough gas to roll on and on.

Justin O’Brien is the MBA programme director at Royal Holloway, Sigrun M. Wagner is a senior lecturer at Royal Holloway’s School of Management, and Stephanos Anastasiadis is a lecturer in sustainability at Royal Holloway. This article originally appeared on The Conversation.